Motocykel
Motocykel je dvojkolesový bezkoľajový dopravný prostriedok poháňaný motorom na dopravu jednej alebo dvoch za sebou sediacich osôb s motorom s obsahom viac ako 50 cm³. Kolesá sú umiestnené za sebou a pohonná jednotka (motor a prevodovka) najčastejšie medzi nimi. Vodič sedí na motocykli obkročmo a smer určuje riadidlami.
Motocykel je na svete veľmi obľúbený dopravný prostriedok, ktorému sa teší široké vekové zastúpenie. Ľudia, riadiaci jednostopové vozidlo vidia zmysel ani nie v tom, že to je dopravný prostriedok, ale ako forma zábavy a relaxu. Motorkári vidia jazdu na motorke ako vyjadrenie slobody, pocit voľnosti, radosti a samotnú jazdu označujú ako ciel. V mašinách sa neraz vidia, majú k ním silný emocionálny vzťah. Existuje niekoľko typov motocyklistov a každý si môže vybrať stroj podľa jemu obľúbenému životnému štýlu, alebo zábavy, ktorej inklinuje. Preto výrobcovia robia niekoľko rôznych typov motocyklov. Jazdec si môže vybrať motocykel podľa toho či je vyznávačom dlhých nekonečných ciest, alebo jazde na krásnej chrómovej mašine s výrazným zvukom, jazde v náročnom terénne, skokov cez vysoké prekážky, jazde v preplnenom meste, alebo sa ide rád vyšantiť na uzatvorený okruh. Každý štýl ponúka svoje čaro, pre nezabudnuteľný zážitok na nekrytom a jedinečnom stroji, ako je motocykel.
Časti:
- hnací a prevodový mechanizmus
- rám
- kolesá
- sedlo
- príslušenstvo
Delenie:
Меdzinárodné triedy podľa obsahu: 125, 175, 250, 350, 500, 600, 750 a 1000 cm³
Delenie podľa obsahu a hmotnosti:
- veľmi ľahké (do obsahu 100 cm³)
- ľahké (do obsahu 200 cm³)
- ťažké (do obsahu 500 cm³)
- iné (ostatné)
Delenie podľa spôsobu použitia:
Keďže svojho času niektoré motocykle pretekárov boli príliš moderné, zaviedla FIM ich rozdelenie do troch skupín:
- športové motocykle: sériovo vyrábané viac-menej štandardné cestovné motocykle, homologované vo FIM, nanajvýš s nepatrnými úpravami
- typ F1: štandardné pretekárske stroje, homologované vo FIM, s nezmenou konštrukciou a vybavením
- typ G.P.: špeciálne modely, ktoré musia dodržať len základné obmedzenia (zákaz zvláštnych palív, zákaz prepĺňania, úplná kapotáž)
Opis:
Stroj sa dobre ovláda aj pri šmyklavom teréne a bočnom vetre, ak je stroj sklonený. Kolesá sú dobre odpružené. Prevodovky sú dvoj- až sedemstupňové, niekedy automatické, a sú buď v bloku s motorom alebo zriedkavo oddelené. Zadné koleso poháňa buď reťaz, remeň alebo hriadeľ. Spojka sa neovláda(automat) alebo sa ovláda pákou na riadidlách a pákou na ľavej nohe(manuál).
Na dopravu ľudí alebo batožín sa k jednostopovému motocyklu niekedy pripája sidecar (postranné vozidlo), čím vzniká dvojstopové vozidlo. Trojstopové vozidlo vznikne pripojením rámu so zadnou nápravou alebo prednej nápravy s riadením (na obidve kolesá):
- ak je zadná náprava pripojená neoodeliteľne, vozidlo sa nazýva ťahaná trojkolka.
- ak je zadná náprava pripojená oddeliteľne, vozidlo sa nazýva rikša.
Existujú aj kombinácie motocyklov a skútrov, ktoré majú spravidla vpredu dve kolesá a zadné koleso zvojené, alebo majú vpredu jedno koleso a vzadu dve alebo inú kombináciu. Tak vzniknú aj štvorstopové vozidlá.
Existujú aj špeciálne vozidlá pre invalidov.
Dejiny:
Prvý parný motocykel vyrobili okolo roku 1869. Prvý motocykel poháňaný benzínom vyrobili Gottlieb Daimler a Wilhelm Maybach v roku 1885. A od roku 1886 došlo k zrýchlenému vývoju motocyklov na celom svete.
Od začiatku 20. storočia sa usporadúvajú motocyklové preteky. V roku 1949 bolo zakázané používanie špeciálnych palív a roku 1958 aerodynamický tvar kapotáží.
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